• Q1. What does a special set of tags do in PHP?

The output is displayed directly to the browser.

• Q2. Whats the difference between include and require?

Its how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will continue.

• Q3. I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a different number, whats the problem?

PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning with 0 as octal.

• Q4. Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars in this example?

In this example it wouldnt matter, since the variable is all by itself, but if you were to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely need to use the braces.

• Q5. How do you define a constant?

Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT", 100);

• Q6. How do you pass a variable by value?

Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of it, like $a = &$b

• Q7. Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP?

Yes, internally PHP will cast everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11 will be compared.

• Q8. When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement?

When the original if was followed by : and then the code block without braces.

• Q9. Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP?

Expression preceding the ? is evaluated, if its true, then the expression preceding the : is executed, otherwise, the expression following : is executed.

• Q10. How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function?

func_num_args() function returns the number of parameters passed in.

• Q11. If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, whats the value of $$b?

100, its a reference to existing variable.

• Q12. Whats the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::?

- :: is allowed to access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which do not require object initialization.

• Q13. Are objects passed by value or by reference?

Everything is passed by value.

• Q14. How do you call a constructor for a parent class?

parent::constructor($value)

• Q15. Whats the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup?

- __sleep returns the array of all the variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup retrieves them.

• Q16. Why doesnt the following code print the newline properly?

Because inside the single quotes the n character is not interpreted as newline, just as a sequence of two characters - and n.

• Q17. Would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes?

Since the data inside the single-quoted string is not parsed for variable substitution, its always a better idea speed-wise to initialize a string with single quotes, unless you specifically need variable substitution.

• Q18. What is the difference between characters 23 and x23?

The first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23.

• Q19. With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc contents? -

Yes.

• Q20. For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the differences.

echo is the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the construct to the screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when calling it), but it returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to print out the string. However, you can pass multiple parameters to echo, like: and it will output the string "Welcome to TechInterviews!" print does not take multiple parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the speed advantage is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP. printf is a function, not a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted output, but its the slowest way to print out data out of echo, print and printf.

• Q21. I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving directions. It contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would like to make sure that no line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that with PHP?

On large strings that need to be formatted according to some length specifications, use wordwrap() or chunk_split().

• Q22. Whats the output of the ucwords function in this example?

$formatted = ucwords("TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS"); print $formatted; What will be printed is TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS. ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, its worth using strtolower() first.

• Q23. Whats the difference between md5(), crc32() and sha1() crypto on PHP?

The major difference is the length of the hash generated. CRC32 is, evidently, 32 bits, while sha1() returns a 128 bit value, and md5() returns a 160 bit value. This is important when avoiding collisions.

• Q24. So if md5() generates the most secure hash, why would you ever use the less secure crc32() and sha1()?

Crypto usage in PHP is simple, but that doesnt mean its free. First off, depending on the data that youre encrypting, you might have reasons to store a 32-bit value in the database instead of the 160-bit value to save on space. Second, the more secure the crypto is, the longer is the computation time to deliver the hash value. A high volume site might be significantly slowed down, if frequent md5() generation is required.